A Discectomy is a surgical procedure to remove part of a damaged intervertebral
disc that is pressing on a nerve or the spinal cord. Typically, it refers to removing a herniated portion of a disc that has bulged or extruded out and is causing nerve compression.

An Epidural Steroid Injection is a common pain management procedure where a mixture of a corticosteroid (anti-inflammatory medicine) and anesthetic.

A Spinal Fusion is a surgery designed to permanently join two or more vertebrae together. This is achieved by placing bone graft between the vertebrae and often using hardware to hold the spine in the correct position while the bone heals.

Tumor resection refers to surgically removing a tumor, either from the brain or spinal
area, with the goal of taking out as much of the abnormal growth as safely possible. In neurosurgery, this often means a brain tumor resection or a spinal tumor resection.

A Craniotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone flap (section of the skull) is temporarily removed to access the brain underneath. This allows the neurosurgeon to perform operations on the brain – such as removing a tumor, clipping an aneurysm, evacuating a blood clot (hematoma), or treating other brain conditions.